<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aziz \u00c7elik<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ORCID: 0000-0002-7088-9090 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emek tarihi, d\u00fczeltilmesine ra\u011fmen \u0131srarla direnen ve tekrarlanan yanl\u0131\u015flarla doludur. Bunlardan biri de 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkindir. 1 May\u0131s denince akla genellikle 3 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00fcn\u00fc Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 (Haymarket) meydan\u0131nda grevcilerin \u00fczerine polis taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan ate\u015f sonucunda 4 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve arkas\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan trajik geli\u015fmeler; hukuksuz yarg\u0131lamalar ve idam edilen i\u015f\u00e7iler\/sendikac\u0131lar gelir. 1 May\u0131s, Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisi ile ili\u015fkilendirilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sendikalar, sol partiler ve konuyla ilgili yaz\u0131p \u00e7izenler y\u0131llard\u0131r 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6kenlerini Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisi olarak anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2022 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda da bu gelenek de\u011fi\u015fmedi. 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin hatal\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler yeniden dola\u015f\u0131ma girdi. \u0130nternet ve sosyal medya vas\u0131tas\u0131yla bu hatal\u0131 bilgiler daha da h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131ld\u0131. 2022\u2019de 1 May\u0131s\u2019a ili\u015fkin hatal\u0131 bilgilerin birinin mecras\u0131 hayli ilgin\u00e7ti. Sosyal medya ve internetteki hatal\u0131 bilgilerin d\u00fczeltilmesini ama\u00e7layan platformlardan biri olan Do\u011fruluk Pay\u0131<\/em> 1 May\u0131s ile ilgili haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberde ve Twitter\u2019daki bilgi zincirinde 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin hatal\u0131 bilgileri payla\u015ft\u0131. 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6keninin Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Kayda de\u011fer bir di\u011fer hata ise #Tarih<\/em> dergisinde yer alan 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131da yer ald\u0131: “(…) Samanpazar\u0131 Meydan\u0131’nda ya\u015fanan katliamda \u00f6lenlerin ve sonras\u0131nda as\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin an\u0131s\u0131na, Amerikan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketi 1 May\u0131s’\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i bayram\u0131 olarak kutlamaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik 2. Enternasyonal’de bunu uluslararas\u0131 bir bayram olarak \u00f6neriyorlar ve kabul ediliyor.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n Oysa ger\u00e7ek olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131. Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisinin bildi\u011fimiz anlamda 1 May\u0131s bayram\u0131\/gelene\u011fi ile ili\u015fkisi yok. \u00d6rne\u011fin Nail Satl\u0131gan ve Sungur Savran Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131n 100. y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda (1986) Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 ile 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n iki ayr\u0131 konu oldu\u011fu vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonra Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ko\u00e7 (1995) bu iddiaya ilk kez net bi\u00e7imde itiraz eden bir yaz kaleme ald\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Zafer Ayd\u0131n ile bir yaz\u0131 dizisi haz\u0131rlad\u0131k (\u00c7elik ve Ayd\u0131n, 2004) ve Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisi ile 1 May\u0131s gelene\u011finin ba\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131k. 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6klerini Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 (1886) ile ba\u015flatan hatal\u0131 iddialar \u00fcst\u00fcne daha sonra da \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131 yazd\u0131m. Ancak 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin hatal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmelerin halen devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6zleniyor. Bu nedenle 1 May\u0131s gelene\u011finin k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin \u0131srarla tekrarlanan \u201cdo\u011fru bilinen bir yanl\u0131\u015fa\u201d bir kez daha de\u011finmek ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Emek tarihi yaz\u0131n\u0131nda d\u00fczeltilmelerine ra\u011fmen direnen hatal\u0131 bilgiler \u00e7oktur. Bunlardan en bilineni 1871\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurulan Am(e)leperver Cemiyetinin ilk i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131d\u0131r. L\u00fctfi Eri\u015f\u00e7i\u2019nin bir de\u011ferlendirmesinden hareketle bu cemiyet y\u0131llarca ilk i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc\/sendikas\u0131 kabul edildi. On y\u0131llar \u00f6nce Oya Sencer (Baydar) Am(e)leperver Cemiyetinin bir hay\u0131rsever cemiyeti oldu\u011fu ortaya koysa da \u201cilk i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u201d iddias\u0131 y\u0131llarca yaz\u0131ld\u0131, \u00e7izildi. Giderek azalsa da bu iddiaya hala rastlan\u0131yor. Bir ba\u015fka hatal\u0131\/yanl\u0131\u015f iddia ise tarihte ilk toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin 1766 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fctahya\u2019da imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. B\u00f6yle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konulmu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu anakronik iddia da halen dile getirilmeye devam ediliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Uzun \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma S\u00fcrelerinin D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi M\u00fccadelesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fabrikalardaki a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler; kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk eme\u011finin yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sanayi devrimi sonras\u0131n\u0131n karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011funu biliniyor. Robert Owen, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n o d\u00f6nemde tekstil fabrikalar\u0131na alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131nda i\u015fe ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bazen be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve yaz\u0131n yasal olarak s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z oldu\u011funu, genellikle on d\u00f6rt saat, bazen on be\u015f saat hatta para canl\u0131s\u0131 ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fverenler taraf\u0131ndan on alt\u0131 saate kadar uzat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r (Owen, 1995: 95-102).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrelerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn bir 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 kapsayan uzun bir tarihi vard\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 1802\u2019de kabul edilen ilk Fabrika (\u0130\u015f) Yasas\u0131 (Factory Act)<\/em> sadece \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu. Yeti\u015fkin i\u015f\u00e7iler bu yasan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutuldu. Bu yasa ile tekstil fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri 12 saat ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 fakat uygulamada bu kural i\u015flemedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hi\u00e7 bir denet\u00e7i atanmad\u0131. 1833 tarihli Fabrika Yasas\u0131<\/em> ile dokuz ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n tekstil fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yasakland\u0131. 9-13 ya\u015f aras\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi ise g\u00fcnde 9 saat ve haftada 48 saat ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131.14-18 ya\u015f aras\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar g\u00fcnde 12, haftada 69 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecekti. Bu d\u00f6nemde m\u00fcfetti\u015fler g\u00f6revlendirildi ancak m\u00fcfetti\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in m\u00fcfetti\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na 2700 fabrika ve 250 bin i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu (Townson, 1994). 1847\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir On Saat Yasas\u0131<\/em> ile kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri on saat ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yasa yeti\u015fkin erkek i\u015f\u00e7ileri kapsam\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1830\u2019lar\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan 1848\u2019e kadar \u0130ngiltere\u2019de sosyal muhalefete damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir genel oy hareketi olan Chartism<\/em> daha sonra bir sosyal i\u00e7eri\u011fe kavu\u015ftu. Chartistler 1840\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda sekiz saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilerin maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi gibi talepleri genel oy hakk\u0131 talebi ile birlikte savunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar (Sar\u0131ca, 1980).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1848 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131, bir yandan se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan ise 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sosyal devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkeleri ilk kez h\u00fckme ba\u011fland\u0131. 1848 devriminde \u00f6nemli rolleri olan i\u015f\u00e7iler \u201csosyal cumhuriyet\u201d ilan\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrelerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu. 1848 devrimi ile kurulan ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u015f\u00e7ilerin talebi olan \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131\u201d tan\u0131d\u0131, i\u015f saatleri Paris\u2019te on saate, Paris d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 11 saate indirildi. Ancak 1848 Devrimi yenilince \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n taleplerinin uygulanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sekiz Saatlik \u0130\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fc Hareketi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1850’li y\u0131llarda ABD ve \u0130ngiltere’de g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini 10 saate indiren yasalar kabul edildi. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7iler 24 saat olan g\u00fcn\u00fcn 8 saatini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, 8 saatini uyumak, 8 saatini de dinlenerek ve e\u011flenerek ge\u00e7irmek istiyorlard\u0131. 1860’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ABD’de g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini 8 saate indirmeyi ama\u00e7layan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelere gidildi, dernekler kuruldu ve grevler, g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccrete ve uzun i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen bu m\u00fccadele, 1. Enternasyonal’in 1866 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplanan kongresinde g\u00fcnl\u00fck yasal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin 8 saat olmas\u0131 talebinin kabul edilmesiyle uluslararas\u0131 bir boyut kazand\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD Kongresi 1868\u2019de kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 8 saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc benimsedi. Ancak bu uygulama \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u015fyerleri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildi. 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fccadelesi 1880\u2019lerde ivme kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak d\u00fczenlenen grevler ve g\u00f6steriler g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan zor kullan\u0131larak bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 1884-1886 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD’de, Japonya\u2019da, Fransa\u2019da, Rusya\u2019da 8 Saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc talebiyle grevler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSekiz saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, sekiz saat dinlenme, sekiz saat can\u0131m\u0131z ne isterse\u201d: ABD i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi 1884\u2019ten 1886\u2019n\u0131n may\u0131s ay\u0131na kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn eylemlerinde bu slogan\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu. Her \u015fey 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Eme\u011fin \u015e\u00f6valyeleri<\/em> d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ikinci \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan American Federation of Labor (AFL-Amerikan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Federasyonu) ulusal kongresinde (o d\u00f6nemki ad\u0131yla FOTLU) 1 May\u0131s 1886\u2019dan itibaren i\u015f\u00e7ilerin art\u0131k sekiz saatten fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmeyece\u011fi yolunda bir karar al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 (Gallin, 1986; Satl\u0131gan ve Savran, 1986) AFL (FOTLU) 1884\u2019te 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc talebiyle 1 May\u0131s 1886 tarihinde ABD \u00e7ap\u0131nda kampanya ve g\u00f6steriler d\u00fczenleme karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Eme\u011fin \u015e\u00f6valyeleri<\/em> Sekiz Saatlik \u0130\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fc hareketini desteklemedi. Ancak \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn Chicago\u2019daki y\u00f6neticileri kampanyaya kat\u0131ld\u0131. Sosyalistler de kampanyaya kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta 8 saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc talebini reformist bulan anar\u015fistler de sonunda kampanyada yer ald\u0131 (Gallin, 1986).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00fcn\u00fc ABD\u2019de 10\u2019dan fazla kentte 350 bin dolay\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6steriler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Chicago\u2019daki 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerine 80 bin ki\u015fi kat\u0131ld\u0131. Chicago\u2019da yap\u0131lan g\u00f6sterilerde hi\u00e7bir olay ya\u015fanmad\u0131. The New York Times<\/em>, 1 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00f6sterilerini \u201c8 Saat Hareketi Chicago\u2019da, \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc, Nutuklar dinledi ancak hi\u00e7bir \u015fiddet giri\u015fimi olmad\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla veriyordu (The New York Times, 2 May\u0131s 1886). 1 May\u0131s Chicago\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir bi\u00e7imde kutland\u0131 (Gallin, 1986). Zaman zaman g\u00fcndeme gelen 1 May\u0131s 1886\u2019da Chicago\u2019da g\u00f6stericilere polisin sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir. 1 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00f6sterileri ABD \u00e7ap\u0131nda sakin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. Bu g\u00f6sterilerde olay \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131, \u00f6len de olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chicago sekiz-saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc hareketinin ar\u0131 kovan\u0131 olmu\u015ftu; \u00fclke tarihinin o g\u00fcne de\u011fin en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6sterisi Chicago 1 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00f6sterisi olmu\u015ftu. Ancak ABD\u2019li tarih\u00e7i Rayback\u2019e g\u00f6re bu y\u00fckseli\u015fin yaratabilece\u011fi potansiyeller Mc Cormick <\/em>fabrikas\u0131 ve Haymarket<\/em> (Samanpazar\u0131<\/em>) meydan\u0131 olaylar\u0131yla tahrip edilecektir (1966: 166). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Samanpazar\u0131 Trajedisi (1886)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Chicago\u2019da Kurulu Mc Cormick tar\u0131m makineleri fabrikas\u0131nda (daha sonra International Harvester ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak) i\u015f\u00e7iler \u015fubat ay\u0131nda beri sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc kampanyas\u0131 ile alakas\u0131 olmayan nedenlerle grevdeydi (Gallin, 1986). 3 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fveren, anar\u015fist sendikac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi grevi grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar kiralayarak k\u0131rmak istedi. Grevci i\u015f\u00e7iler, grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 fabrikaya sokmak istemedi. Grevcilerin \u00fczerine polis taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan ate\u015f sonucunda d\u00f6rt i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6ld\u00fc (Gallin\u2019e g\u00f6re alt\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6ld\u00fc) (1986). Anar\u015fistler bu sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 protesto etmek i\u00e7in 4 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00fcn\u00fc Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 meydan\u0131nda bir protesto g\u00f6sterisi d\u00fczenlendi. Olays\u0131z bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcren g\u00f6steri polis taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmak istenirken kimin taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bug\u00fcn bile h\u00e2l\u00e2 belirlenemeyen bir bomba polis \u015fefinin \u00f6lmesine ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da polisin yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada polisin g\u00f6stericiler \u00fczerine a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ate\u015f sonucunda ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc 50 ki\u015fi ise yaraland\u0131 (Gallin, 1986; Rayback, 1966: 166).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 bahane edilerek ABD \u00e7ap\u0131nda anti-sendikal bir histeri k\u00f6r\u00fcklendi. Bu anti-sendikal kampanya sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6lgeledi ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fratt\u0131. At\u0131lan bomba bahane edilerek sekiz anar\u015fist i\u015f\u00e7i\/sendikac\u0131 tutukland\u0131. Hukuksuz bi\u00e7imde cereyan eden yarg\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda tutuklanan sendikac\u0131lar\u0131n polislere at\u0131lan bomba ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131na dair ne bir kan\u0131t ne de bir tan\u0131k bulunabildi. Ancak yarat\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7i ve sendika d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 hava nedeniyle j\u00fcri zanl\u0131lar\u0131 su\u00e7lu kabul etti. Sekiz anar\u015fist sendikac\u0131n\u0131n yedisi idama mahk\u00fbm edildi. Be\u015finin cezalar\u0131 onayland\u0131 ve ikisinin cezalar\u0131 m\u00fcebbet hapse \u00e7evrildi. \u0130dam\u0131 onaylananlardan Louis Lingg tutuldu\u011fu cezaevinde intihar etti. Di\u011fer d\u00f6rt sendikac\u0131 Albert Parsons, August Spies, Adolph Fischer ve George Engel ise 11 Kas\u0131m 1887 tarihinde as\u0131larak idam edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130damlar\u0131n \u00fczerinden alt\u0131 y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra hapiste bulunan \u00fc\u00e7 sendikac\u0131 yeni se\u00e7ilen liberal eyalet valisi John Peter Altgeld taraf\u0131ndan 1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda ko\u015fulsuz olarak affedildi. Bombay\u0131 kimin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam olarak hi\u00e7bir zaman kesin olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131 ancak daha sonra bombay\u0131 bir ajan provokat\u00f6r\u00fcn atm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc iddialar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 Amerikan i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 ve gerilemenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir (Rayback, 1966); Satl\u0131gan ve Savran 1986). 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6keninin Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisi oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde -\u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de- yayg\u0131n bir kanaat olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan 1 May\u0131s ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 yoktur. \u0130damlar\u0131n sebebi Sekiz Saatlik \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc kampanyas\u0131 de\u011fildir. 1 May\u0131s kampanyas\u0131 Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisinin g\u00f6lgesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3\u20134 May\u0131s 1886 Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 ve sonras\u0131ndaki hukuksuz yarg\u0131lanma ve idamlar \u015f\u00fcphesiz emek tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir yere sahiptir ve bu olaylarda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren ve idam edilen i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve sendikac\u0131lar\u0131n unutulmamas\u0131 ve an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemli ve gereklidir. Ancak emek tarihindeki ta\u015flar\u0131n asl\u0131na uygun yerle\u015ftirilmesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Hobsbawm\u2019\u0131n vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 Samanpazar\u0131 \u015fehitlerini anma g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak gelenekselle\u015ftirmek isteyenler anar\u015fistler olmu\u015ftur (2009). Oysa 8 Saatlik \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc hareketi ve 1 May\u0131s gelene\u011fini anar\u015fist k\u00f6klere sahip de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Enternasyonal ve 1 May\u0131s Gelene\u011finin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Amerikan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Federasyonu (AFL) 1888 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda St. Louis\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kongrede sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in bir kampanya ba\u015flatma karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Kampanya 1 May\u0131s 1890\u2019da bir genel grevle tamamlanacakt\u0131. Ancak bu kampanya istenen sonucu vermedi (Rayback, 1966: 195, Gallin, 1986).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hobsbawm\u2019a g\u00f6re 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n as\u0131l \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na ili\u015fkin taraflar aras\u0131nda bir tart\u0131\u015fma yoktur. 1 May\u0131s Bayram\u0131, Temmuz 1889\u2019da Paris\u2019te toplanan \u0130kinci Enternasyonal Kongresinde kabul edilmi\u015f bir karard\u0131r (2009). Kongrede kabul edilen \u00f6nerge i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc talebini kamu otoritelerine duyurmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde ve \u015fehirlerde \u00f6nceden belirlen ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnde uluslararas\u0131 bir g\u00f6steri yapma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. AFL daha \u00f6nce bu g\u00fcr bir g\u00f6sterinin 1 May\u0131s 1890\u2019da yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in AFL\u2019nin bu karar\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunularak sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in 1 May\u0131s 1890\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6steriler d\u00fczenlenmesi karar\u0131 benimsendi. \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in 1 May\u0131s i\u00e7in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar sekiz saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc ile ilgilidir ve AFL\u2019nin karar\u0131na at\u0131f yapmaktad\u0131r. Kararda Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisinden s\u00f6z edilmez. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan bu karar bir kereye mahsus bir g\u00f6steri i\u00e7in al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fczenli y\u0131ll\u0131k bir g\u00f6steriden, kararda tekrarlanacak \u00f6zel bir i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcn\u00fcnden veya emek bayram\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmez (Hobsbawm. 2009, 145). Rosa Luxemburg, \u201cKimse bu kutlaman\u0131n daha sonraki y\u0131llarda da tekrarlanmas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmedi. Do\u011fal olarak, kimse, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bir \u015fim\u015fe\u011fin \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi ba\u015far\u0131 kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131sa zamanda benimsenece\u011fini \u00f6nceden g\u00f6remezdi. Bununla birlikte, l May\u0131s’\u0131n her y\u0131l kutlanacak s\u00fcrekli bir kurum haline getirilmesinin gereklili\u011fini herkesin kavramas\u0131 ve hissetmesi i\u00e7in, 1 May\u0131s’\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir kez kutlanmas\u0131 yeterli oldu\u201d diye yazmaktad\u0131r (1894).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n h\u0131zla y\u00fckselmesi ve gelenekselle\u015fmesi 1 May\u0131s 1890 g\u00f6sterilerinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci Enternasyonalin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan 1 May\u0131s 1890 g\u00f6sterileri g\u00f6rkemli olur. Londra\u2019daki 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterisine yar\u0131m milyon i\u015f\u00e7i kat\u0131l\u0131r. New York Times,<\/em> 1890 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerini \u201cEme\u011fin \u0130mdat \u00c7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler 8 Saat \u0130\u00e7in Y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc, Hi\u00e7bir Olay \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile birinci sayfadan veriyordu (The New York Times, 5 May\u0131s, 1890). Hobsbawm\u2019a g\u00f6re ilk 1 May\u0131s Bayram\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede eme\u011fin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \u00f6zg\u00fcveninin artmas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 zamana denk gelmi\u015fti (2009: 146).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130lk g\u00f6sterilerin beklenmedik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir yenileme istedi\u011finin g\u00fcndeme gelmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. Bu konuda artan talepler sonucunda \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in 1891 Br\u00fcksel Kongresinde 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerinin her y\u0131l tekrarlanmas\u0131 karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131 (Hobsbawm, 2009). \u0130kinci Enternasyonal 1891 Br\u00fcksel Kongresinde 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak resmen ilan etti (Gallin, 1986; Marxist.org, 2022). Bu karardan \u00f6nce 1 May\u0131s resmi bir g\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Bu tarihten itibaren uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcn\u00fc haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 May\u0131s daha sonraki y\u0131llarda da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sekiz saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in eylem g\u00fcn\u00fc olmaya devam etti. Ancak 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterileri egemen \u00e7evreler i\u00e7in bir huzursuzluk ve tedirginlik kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaya devam etti. 1892 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok yerde g\u00f6steri d\u00fczenlenmesine izin verilmedi. Londra\u2019da 300-500 bin ki\u015finin 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiren New York Times<\/em>\u2019\u0131n birinci sayfas\u0131ndan kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7ti \u201c1 May\u0131s Alarm\u0131 Yersiz\u201d. Gazete, 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerini \u201cgeni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ama d\u00fczenli i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6steriler\u201d olarak niteliyor ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sorunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 1 May\u0131s g\u00f6sterilerinin olays\u0131z ge\u00e7ti\u011fini vurguluyordu (The New York Times, 2 May\u0131s, 1892). 1 May\u0131s sadece 1890\u2019larda de\u011fil 2000\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda da yersiz alarmlara konu olmaya devam edecekti. 1893 g\u00f6sterileri Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok kentinde yap\u0131ld\u0131. New York Times<\/em>, 1893 g\u00f6sterilerini, \u201cHerkes sekiz saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc istiyor, Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6steri\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile veriyordu (The New York Times, 2 May\u0131s 1893).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1 May\u0131s gelene\u011fi b\u00f6yle do\u011fdu. Rosa Luxemburg \u201c1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n K\u00f6kenleri nedir\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7ok bilinen yaz\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00fcreci bu \u015fekilde anlatmakta ve Samanpazar\u0131 trajedisinden s\u00f6z etmemektedir (1894). Eric Hobsbawn \u201cBir Tatilin Do\u011fu\u015fu: 1 May\u0131s\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli makalesinde 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funu 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc hareketinin sonucu olarak ve 2. Enternasyonal taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kararla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak anlat\u0131r ve anar\u015fistlerin 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 1886 Chicago \u015fehitlerini anma g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rmeyi tercih ettiklerini yazmaktad\u0131r (2009). (Hobsbawm\u2019\u0131n bu makalesinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sendikac\u0131lar, sendikal aktivistler, uzmanlar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131n\u0131 ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r). G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc ve tatil g\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fccadelesinden ziyade Samanpazar\u0131 katliam\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6sterme \u00e7abas\u0131 sosyalistlere de\u011fil anar\u015fistlere aittir. 1 May\u0131s \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in 1889 Paris Kongresinde bir kerelik bir g\u00f6steri olarak karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ancak 1890 g\u00f6sterilerinin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine 1891 Br\u00fcksel kongresinde her y\u0131l 1 May\u0131s\u2019ta kutlanacak bir i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sekiz Saatlik \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn Kazan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlardan biri Rusya\u2019daki 1917 Ekim Devrimi oldu. Devrimin hemen ard\u0131ndan Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sekiz saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc kararnamesini yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Ekim Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde Yeni Zelanda ve Uruguay\u2019da bu y\u00f6nde ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lsa da Rusya\u2019da 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisi \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. Ekim Devrimi ile sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kabul\u00fc Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da bu y\u00f6nde ad\u0131mlar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1919 Versailles Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (ILO) kurulmas\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir dizi ilke kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Versailles ile benimsenen dokuz temel ilkenin aras\u0131nda, \u201csekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc ve 48 saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve en az 24 saatlik haftal\u0131k tatilin uygulanmas\u0131. Bu tatilin olabilen her yerde pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc olmas\u0131\u201d hedefleri de yer ald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde teyit edilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc 20 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede kabul edildi. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede k\u0131sald\u0131. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde 35 saate kadar indirildi. 1870\u2019lerde y\u0131ll\u0131k 3000 saatin \u00fczerindeki y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda ortalama olarak 1600-1700 saat civar\u0131na geriledi. Ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri konusunda e\u015fitsizlik ve a\u011f\u0131r, y\u0131prat\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 devam ediyor. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak \u00f6lmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hollanda\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7iler y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 1381 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, ABD\u2019de 1777, G\u00fcney Kore\u2019de 2187 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Koreli i\u015f\u00e7i Hollandal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iye g\u00f6re 800 saat daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00fcvencesiz ve sendikas\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7iler daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funa yol a\u00e7an \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrelerinin k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefi emek\u00e7iler i\u00e7in hala ya\u015famsal bir hedef. Bu y\u00fczden de 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n tarihsel k\u00f6klerinin ve 1 May\u0131s gelene\u011finin do\u011fru \u015fekilde bilinmesi \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Umar\u0131m bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6klerine ve 1 May\u0131s gelene\u011fine ili\u015fkin hatal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmelerin azalmas\u0131na bir yarar\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Enternasyonal 1989 Paris Kongresinde al\u0131nan 1 May\u0131s Karar\u0131 https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/international\/social-democracy\/1889\/marxists-congress\/saturday_pm.htm#mai<\/a> (3 May\u0131s 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7elik, A. ve Z. Ayd\u0131n (2004) \u201c1 May\u0131s: Gelenekten Gelece\u011fe\u201d, Cumhuriyet<\/em>, 1-3 May\u0131s 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gallin, D. (1986) May Day Its Origins, Geneva: International Union of Food and Allied Workers\u2019 Associations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hobsbawm, E. (2009) “Bir tatilin Do\u011fu\u015fu: 1 May\u0131s” \u00c7eviren: I\u015f\u0131tan G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, S\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130nsanlar i\u00e7inde, \u0130stanbul: Yordam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015feri, E. (2012) \u201c1 May\u0131s’\u0131n k\u00f6keni ve s\u0131k tekrarlanan yanl\u0131\u015flar\u201d https:\/\/sendika.org\/2012\/04\/1-mayisin-kokeni-ve-sik-tekrarlanan-yanlislar-ergun-iseri-66126\/<\/a> (3 May\u0131s 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ko\u00e7, Y. (1995) \u201c1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n Kayna\u011f\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Yanl\u0131\u015flar\u201d, T\u00fcrk-\u0130\u015f <\/em>dergisi, Temmuz 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Luxemburg, R. (1894), \u201c1 May\u0131s’\u0131n K\u00f6kleri nedir?\u201d https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/turkce\/luxemburg\/1890s\/1894.htm<\/a> (3 May\u0131s 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marxist.org (2022) \u201cCongresses of Social Democracy\u201d, https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/glossary\/events\/c\/congress-si.htm<\/a> (15 May\u0131s 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Owen, R. (1995) Yeni Toplum G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/em>, Derleyen ve \u00c7eviren: Do\u011fan \u015eahiner, \u0130stanbul: Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rayback, Joseph G. (1966) A History of American Labor<\/em>, Expanded and Updated, New York: The Free Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sar\u0131ca, M. (1980) Siyasal Tarih<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Filiz Kitabevi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Satl\u0131gan, Nail ve Sungur Savran (1986) \u201cMay\u0131s 1986: \u015eikago Samanpazar\u0131\u201d, 11. Tez<\/em>, Say\u0131 3, ss.244-248.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The New York Times, 2 May\u0131s 1886, 5 May\u0131s 1890 ve 2 May\u0131s 1892 tarihli say\u0131lar\u0131 (dijital edisyondan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).Townson, D. (1994) Dictionary of Modern History 1789-1945<\/em>, London: Penguin Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Aziz \u00c7elik ORCID: 0000-0002-7088-9090 Emek tarihi, d\u00fczeltilmesine ra\u011fmen \u0131srarla direnen ve tekrarlanan yanl\u0131\u015flarla doludur. Bunlardan biri de 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkindir. 1 May\u0131s denince akla genellikle 3 May\u0131s 1886 g\u00fcn\u00fc Chicago Samanpazar\u0131 (Haymarket) meydan\u0131nda grevcilerin \u00fczerine polis taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan ate\u015f sonucunda 4 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve arkas\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan trajik geli\u015fmeler; hukuksuz yarg\u0131lamalar ve idam edilen i\u015f\u00e7iler\/sendikac\u0131lar… Daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 oku »Bir gelene\u011fin k\u00f6keni: 1 May\u0131s nas\u0131l do\u011fdu veya do\u011fru bilinen yanl\u0131\u015f!<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorised"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1909"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1910,"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1909\/revisions\/1910"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dergi.scalacampus.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}